Our cells’ genetic code serves as a blueprint for the proteins essential for our survival. Over time, small modifications occur, acting as ‘genetic switches’ that impact how our cells interpret instructions without altering the genetic code itself. These alterations, known as epigenetic changes, accumulate and are often used to determine the biological age of cells and tissues. However, recent research conducted in Lithuania challenges the reliability of using a single tissue sample to assess these epigenetic clocks.
Researchers in Lithuania conducted a groundbreaking study involving multiple blood samples from a 52-year-old man collected every three hours over a span of 72 hours. The team examined 17 different epigenetic clocks within each sample, revealing unexpected findings. Thirteen out of the 17 epigenetic clocks exhibited significant fluctuations throughout the day, with cells appearing ‘younger’ in the early morning hours and ‘older’ by midday. These variations suggested age differences of approximately 5.5 years, emphasizing the dynamic nature of epigenetic changes.
Traditionally, aging studies rely on single tissue samples to estimate epigenetic age. However, the research by statistician Karolis Koncevičius and colleagues emphasized the importance of considering the fluctuations in epigenetic clocks throughout the day. White blood cell subtype counts and proportions were found to oscillate in a 24-hour pattern, challenging the accuracy of age predictions based on a single sample. While focusing on a single individual’s samples may offer detailed insights into specific changes, it limits the ability to generalize findings across diverse populations.
Further analysis of blood samples taken over a five-hour period from a small group revealed similar age fluctuations. These variations may be attributed to the presence of different white blood cell types at distinct times of the day. Despite this, some measures showed age oscillations even when focusing on a single white blood cell type, suggesting the complexity of epigenetic changes. To accurately assess cellular age, future studies may need to incorporate multiple samples collected at varied times of the day.
The findings of the Lithuanian study underscore the importance of considering the circadian rhythm of epigenetic changes in aging research. By capturing the fluctuations in epigenetic clocks throughout the day, scientists can gain a more comprehensive understanding of cellular aging. This holistic approach may lead to more precise predictions regarding the risk of age-related diseases in populations. Ultimately, taking into account the dynamic nature of epigenetic changes can revolutionize our understanding of cell aging and disease susceptibility.
The research from Lithuania sheds light on the intricate relationship between time and epigenetic clocks. By recognizing the fluctuation of these clocks throughout the day, scientists can enhance the accuracy of age predictions and disease risk assessments. Embracing the circadian rhythm of epigenetic changes opens new avenues for exploring the complex mechanisms underlying cellular aging and offers promising opportunities for improving personalized medicine approaches in the future.
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